Germany inflation rate history

7% in February 2023. 1916 1922 1928 1934 1940 1946 1952 1958 1964 1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012 2018. Germany Inflation Rate (I:GIR) 2. 73%, a 0. 7 from last year. In May 2023, the inflation rate was +6. 5% in August. 1% and 7. 4% in 2020, accelerating to 3. Sep 13, 2022 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +7. May 31, 2023 · Germany’s consumer price index rose by 6. 4% in 2019, and 0. Inflation (CPI) Inflation measured by consumer price index (CPI) is defined as the change in the prices of a basket of goods and services that are typically purchased by specific groups of households. Inflation in March 2022 thus reached its highest level since German reunification. 64%, a 0. 13%, a 1. 4M=1£ means 6000M=$2409= £484. The Euro Area refers to a currency union among the European Union Inflation Rate in Japan decreased to 2. Germany India inflation rate for 2022 was 6. “The historically high year-on-year inflation rate was mainly driven by the extreme price rises for energy products and food Inflation Rate in France averaged 4. The inflation rate year over year is 2. 9% in May 2022. May 2, 2024 · U. 79%) Last Update: February 29, 2024. 15 percent from 1915 until 2024, reaching an all time high of 21. 5% in September 2023. 1915 1922 1929 1936 1943 1950 1957 1964 1971 1978 1985 1992 1999 2006 2013 2020 18% 9% 0% -9% -18%. The inflation rate thus increased slightly again (July 2022: +7. 6% higher year-on-year in October, the Federal Statistical Office said on Friday, confirming preliminary Inflation Rate in Ukraine averaged 29. “The main reason for the high inflation still is price rises for energy products and food. Poland inflation rate for 2019 was 2. The Consumer Price Index in Germany increased 0. 36% decline from 2021. She adds: “Households felt the impact of higher food prices also in February, as they Learn how this calculator works. 88 percent from 1981 until 2024, reaching an all time high of 13. Core consumer prices in Germany increased 3 percent in May of 2024 over the same month in the previous year. 06%, a 1. Italy inflation rate for 2020 was -0. (2) It created. In 1938, 2. Jan 17, 2023 · Consumer prices in Germany rose by 7. Beginning of Inflation, 1914-1919 At the outbreak of war in August, 1914, the German Government took three steps which opened the way to inflation. 2012 DE. 10 percent in January of 2015. At its peak, the inflation rate reached a staggering 29,500% per month in October 1923. 21% decline from 2018. 9% in 2022 on an annual average compared with 2021. 01% increase from 2020. Percentage balance, Monthly, Seasonally Adjusted Jan 1985 to Apr 2024 (May 15) Add to Data List. Dec 19, 2023 · Graph and download economic data for Inflation, consumer prices for Germany (FPCPITOTLZGDEU) from 1960 to 2022 about Germany, consumer, CPI, inflation, price index, indexes, and price. 20 percent in June of 2012. The Laspeyres formula is generally used. 2% in April 2024, holding steady at its lowest level since May 2021 and slightly below market forecasts of 2. She adds: “Food remained the biggest driver of Oct 13, 2022 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +10. 23% decline from 2019. The "Ave" on this table is the Average of the individual Inflation rates for that year. Labor Department's Bureau of Labor Statistics will release inflation data for June on July 11, 2024. He Oct 13, 2021 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +4. 9% in August 2022. Economists estimate that the inflation rate in Hungary Sep 29, 2022 · In fact, by some measures, it was the highest rate of inflation that Germany had seen since 1951, well before the reunification of the former East and West. Germany reported a sharp decline in the inflation rate between 2018-2020. Canada inflation rate for 2022 was 6. France Historical Inflation Rates. Historically, the Euro Exchange Rate - EUR/USD - Germany reached an all time high of 1. 4%, according to U. To calculate cumulative rates between two different periods, you can use the United Kingdom Inflation Calculator. 33% increase from 2021. 7% as well. The gas inflation rate stood at 23 percent in December Aug 25, 2022 · Germany’s inflation rate in 2022. 5% was calculated. The graph above displays annual inflation rates in the UK for calendar years from 1956 to 2023. 2 days ago · The annual inflation rate for the United States was 3. 99% increase from 2020. Germany Inflation Rate: Services (I:GIRS) 4. 80 percent in March of 2023 over the previous month, the same pace as in February of 2023. 00 percent in June of 1981 and a record low of -0. 41 over 68 years. (1) It suspended the obligation of the Reichsbank to redeem its notes in gold. 9 percent. The latest BLS data, covering up to April, was released on May 15, 2024. Add to Graph. 0% despite a slight slowdown in energy prices”, says Dr. Feb 29, 2024 · Germany inflation cpi. Germany's consumer price inflation stood at 2. Germany Inflation Rate: Industrial Goods (I:GIRIG) 1. A number of historical examples are available - Austria 1922-25, Hungary 1946, South American countries off and on this entire century. The Weimar Republic is perhaps the quintessential example of hyperinflation. India inflation rate for 2021 was 5. 49 percent from 1995 until 2024, reaching an all time high of 530. 0%. "The rate of inflation has dropped to the lowest level since the start of the war in Ukraine. The German mark was declared the new legal tender for Contributing to the problems that the republic faced in the early 1920s was the escalating rate of inflation that was eventually to destroy the German mark. 15% increase from 2019. Mar 11, 1992 · But private economists predict that Germany's inflation rate will rise further before it begins to decline, and most expect the annual inflation rate for 1992 will be between 3. This page includes a chart with historical data for Germany Harmonised Inflation Rate YoY. 21 percent from 1950 until 2023, reaching an all time high of 3. 9% was calculated. Mar 10, 2023 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +8. 35 percent in 2019. 1% in May, below expectations and the lowest since March 2022, as food and energy prices eased further. Dec 4, 2017 · Weimar Germany, 1918/19–1933 The Constitution of the German Empire of August 11, 1919 (Weimar Constitution). 23%, a 0. Germany's annual inflation in 2022 reached 7. The Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) reports that the year-on-year rate of price increase thus was markedly higher than in the previous years. Germany inflation cpi closed down 2. The main reason was the high monthly inflation rates in the second half of 2021. Germany unemployment rate for 2021 was 3. Overall, the price increase was 412. Italy inflation rate for 2021 was 1. 66% per year between 1956 and today, producing a cumulative price increase of 496. Inflation Data. The graph above displays annual inflation rates in Australia for calendar years from 1949 to 2023. 49M=$1 or 12. 9% in August 2022 and then surged to this high, staying above 7% for seven months. The inflation rate is calculated using the price increase of a product basket defined by the Dec 31, 2023 · In depth view into Germany Inflation Rate including historical data from 1997 to 2024, charts and stats. International Monetary Fund, International Financial Statistics and data files. 0. May 29, 2024 · The lowest ever Germany inflation rate YoY is −7. 83%, a 4. 68% increase from 2020. License : CC BY-4. 5 (-13. Canada inflation rate for 2020 was 0. German History in Documents and Images. 72%, a 1. Nov 11, 2022 · Germany's consumer prices, harmonised to compare with other European countries, were 11. This page provides - Denmark Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. West Germany also saw comparatively high inflation rates in the 1970s. 3%). The Consumer Price Index for Germany is 119. Canada inflation rate for 2019 was 1. Jan 19, 2022 · Consumer prices in Germany rose by 3. 29 percent from 1991 until 2024, reaching an all time high of 7. Inflation is measured in terms of the annual growth rate and in index, 2015 base year with a breakdown for food, energy and total excluding food Dec 13, 2022 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +10. Poland inflation rate for 2021 was 5. German Inflation 1923 (with help from the Encyclopaedia Britannica) I think all postal historians are fascinated to some extent by covers showing enormous postal rates during periods of gross inflation. The Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) also reports that the inflation rate in the previous year had been +0. This page provides the latest reported value for - Germany Inflation Rate MoM - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news. 2 for the month of April 2024. 62%, a 2. Germany gdp growth rate for 2021 was 3. “The inflation rate remains at a high level”, says Ruth Brand, President of the Federal Statistical Office. Loan Offices which could issue paper money. 75% decline from 2019. For 2022, an inflation rate of 8. Dec 10, 2021 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +5. 00% for Mar 2024 The Laspeyres formula is generally used. 70 percent in March of 2024. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring a basket of goods and services that may be fixed or changed at specified intervals, such as yearly. In both August and July 2023, the inflation rate stood at over 6% (+6. ET, providing information on the inflation rate for the 12 months ending June Date: 1922 - 1923. Sep 20, 2013 · Matthew Boesler. During the observation period from 1960 to 2022, the average inflation rate was 2. 49% decline from 2020. Italy inflation rate for 2022 was 8. 40% for Apr 2024 Consumer Opinion Surveys: Consumer Prices: Future Tendency for Germany. Bank notes, such the ones shown here from the Spurlock Museum’s collection, were printed at fever pitch by the government in an effort to keep up with a currency that was spiraling down in value. 8% in 2018, 1. That's the natural rise and fall of economic growth that occurs over time. German consumer prices, harmonised to compare with other European Union 2 days ago · Historical Annual U. May 8, 2024 · Inflation rate in Germany 2029. Month over month inflation rate is calculated for just the subject month itself - from the first to the last day of that month: Year to year inflation rate is calculated for 12 months: 11 months preceding the subject one and the subject month itself: Aug 30, 2022 · German inflation rose to its highest level in almost 50 years in August, beating a high set only three months earlier, data showed, strengthening the case for the European Central Bank to go for a The inflation rate for consumer prices in Austria moved over the past 62 years between 0. 5%. 1% in 2011 due to a 10% increase in Canada Historical Inflation Rates. 9% decline from 2019. Dashboard Rates CPI Info Subscribe. 62 %. 0% in November 2022. 9%. The current inflation rate in Germany is 2. “The inflation rate remains at a high level of +10. A CPI of 195 indicates 95% inflation since 1982*, the commonly quoted inflation rate of say 3% is actually the change in the Consumer Price Index from a year earlier. Overall, the price increase was 663. 10 percent in October of 1951 and a record low of -2. Poland inflation rate for 2020 was 3. 87 in July of 1973. 40 percent in June of 2022 and a record low of -1. In 2021, it had been +3. 90 percent in November of 1993 and a record low of -3. 08%, a 0. Australia Historical inflation rates for Germany . Interpretation of the inflation history of German currencies between 1873 and 2023 Due to a mixture of various inflationary factors – energy transition, Western sanctions, expansive monetary policy, CO2 pricing, unloading of previously pent-up consumer spending after the corona restrictions were lifted – the inflation rate in Germany jumped 2 days ago · The table displays historical inflation rates with annual figures from 1914 to the present. Save as Image. 15. Inflation rose to 1. Jan 3, 2023 · Germany's Federal Statistic Office announced that the country recorded its highest full-year inflation rate in more than 70 years. Latest U. 87%, a 2. Inflation. Germany inflation rate for 2022 was 6. 17% more than in the following year of 1949. S. The rate was +7. Germany gdp growth rate for 2022 was 1. 2 days ago · Historical inflation rates from 1992 to 2024 for Germany. The Weimar Republic. Mar 15, 2024 · The inflation rate reached just over 23% in 1920 and just over 14% in 1980, nowhere near the accepted 50% benchmark for hyperinflation. 50 percent in May of 2016. During World War I, prices in Germany had doubled, but that was just the start of the country’s economic troubles. 5% and 9. 95%, a 0. 20 %. 73 percent in January of 1950. 5 and 4 percent. Unemployment refers to the share of the labor force that is without work but available for and seeking employment. Location: Germany. Inflation Rate MoM in Germany averaged 0. com calculator is excellent--I think it might be more accurate to use the UK In depth view into Germany Inflation Rate: Industrial Goods including historical data from 1997 to 2024, charts and stats. 2%, respectively). This page provides - Romania Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. 30 percent in April of 2024 over the same month in the previous year. The German Empire experienced hyperinflation and hidden inflation during and after both world wars. 80 percent in April of 1958 and a record low of -0. 70 percent in July of 2009. €100 in 1956 is equivalent in purchasing power to about €596. 1% in 2021 on an annual average compared with 2020. 41%. 14%, a 0. This page provides the latest reported value for - Germany Producer Prices Change - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news. Although the threshold is arbitrary, economists generally reserve the term “hyperinflation” to describe episodes when the monthly inflation rate is greater than 50 percent. Oct 15, 2012 · Inflation – lessons learnt from history. This page provides the latest reported value for - Germany Core Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news. A higher year-on-year rate of price increase than in 2021 was last measured almost 30 years ago (1993: +4. ) The U. May 14, 2024 · The ECB aims to maintain annual inflation rates as measured by the HICP below, but close to, 2% over the medium term. 3%, a preliminary estimate showed. The official currency of Germany is the Euro. 90% in 1948. India inflation rate for 2019 was 3. The euro is the official currency of Germany, which is a member of the European Union. 81%, a 1. 87%. 37%, a 1. 6%), remaining clearly above 7% for half a year now. is a sustained increase in the aggregate price level. m. 00% for Apr 2024 In Germany, the most important categories in the consumer price index are Housing, water, electricity, gas & other fuels (32 percent of the total weight), Transport (13 percent), Recreation, entertainment & culture (11 percent) and Food & non-alcoholic beverages (10 percent). For 2022, an inflation rate of 6. 9 from the previous month and 8. Inflation from March 2024 to April 2024 was 0. Weimar Germany after World War One went through one of the worst hyperinflations in history, unleashing untold horrors on the German people and their Producer Prices in Germany decreased 3. 3% for the 12 months ending May, compared to the previous rate of 3. To calculate cumulative rates between two different periods, you can use the Germany Inflation Calculator. 5 as of February 29, 2024 from 2. 40 percent in April of 2024. 60 percent in June of 1920 and a record low of -17. Download Historical Data. 5%; June 2022: +7. Canada inflation rate for 2021 was 3. Germany unemployment rate for 2022 was 3. 1%. Charts of annual inflation rate in Germany: last 10 years and all time charts. Updated: June 12 May 22, 2024 · In 2023, the inflation rate in Germany was at 5. 1% in September 2021. 1% in Between 2010-2021, the consumer price inflation in Germany was highest in the year 2021, reaching 3. Jul 11, 2023 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +6. The euro had an average inflation rate of 2. Georg Thiel, President of the Federal Statistical Office. In 2020, Germany's average inflation was still relatively low Germany Unemployment Rate 1960-2024. 6%. First, using the tables immediately below, convert the 1938 Marks to 1938 dollars. But the buildup took longer than one might think. 3% in March 2022. “A higher inflation rate Oct 11, 2023 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +4. Add To Dashboard. Based upon the Consumer Price Index and euro (Germany) official data publications. Italy inflation rate for 2019 was 0. It remains high, however", says Ruth Brand, President of the Jun 6, 2024 · The inflation rates of energy commodity prices in Germany began to significantly increase in 2021, a rise that continued throughout 2022. 4%, the federal statistics office said today, confirming preliminary data. The potential consequences of inflation demonstrate how important it is to keep the value of a currency stable. 41 today, an increase of €496. 9 percent compared to the same month of the previous year. 1% in 2010, mainly due to an increase in heating oil and motor fuel prices. For 2024, economic experts predict a 2. In January 2023, the inflation rate had been +8. inflation rate by year is the percentage of change in product and service prices from one year to the next, or " year-over-year . 5% decline from 2021. 0% in September 2022. 7% from a year ago — down Tweet. 61%, a 0. How has Germany inflation rate YoY changed over time? Last month Germany inflation rate YoY was 2. 80 percent in May from 2. 6 percent inflation rate growth in Germany. 2% for the previous month ). 87%, a 3. 10 percent in May of 2024 over the previous month. Read more. The Aug 6, 2018 · In the early 1920s, Germany was in a period of hyperinflation. The inflation rate in Germany was 1. “The inflation rate thus reached an all-time high for the third month in a row since German reunification. 80 percent in June of 1921. 40 %, and the month before that it amounted to 2. This page provides - Canada Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. 53% decline from 2018. 41% increase from 2021. May 15, 2024 · For additional years, see the historical inflation rates. In July and August 2021 it had been just under 4%. 41% increase from 2018. 7% per year. The Federal Statistical Office (Destatis) also reports that consumer prices remained unchanged compared with August 2021 though. Now go to the inflation calculators section below, and see what $2409 (or £484) in 1938 would be worth today (the MeasuringWorth. The annual inflation rate stood at 1. 1% and +6. FRED: Download, graph, and track economic data. The graph above displays annual inflation rates in France for calendar years from 1956 to 2023. India inflation rate for 2020 was 6. At a monthly rate of 50 percent, an item that cost $1 on January Nov 21, 2023 · Inflation rate in Germany 2008-2025. Inflation as measured by the consumer price index reflects the annual percentage change in the cost to the average consumer of acquiring Inflation Rate in Italy remained unchanged at 0. 09% increase from 2018. The inflation rate thus was slightly down, following a +10. As the value of the mark decreased, the government printed even more money, creating a vicious cycle. 11 economic data series with tags: Germany, Inflation. Aaron O'Neill , May 8, 2024. During the observation period from 1960 to 2022, the average inflation rate was 3. “The inflation rate increased for the sixth time in a row and in November reached the highest level recorded in 2021 so far,” said Dr. While the United States has experienced a relatively low and stable inflation rate since the 1980s, inflation hit record highs in 2021 and 2022 in the wake May 22, 2024 · Monthly inflation rate in Germany 2022-2023. Sep 23, 2023 · As in Germany, the hyperinflation that occurred in Hungary was a result of a requirement to pay reparations for the war that had just ended. His father, a German lawyer, took out a life insurance policy in 1903. The main reason for the high inflation still is price rises for energy products. Department of Labor. " The inflation rate responds to each phase of the business cycle. The inflation rate for consumer prices in Germany moved over the past 62 years between -0. 80%, a 3. Inflation Rate in Romania averaged 38. This page provides the latest reported value for - Italy Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news. Every month he had made the payments faithfully,” recounts Levy. Although the inflation was rooted in the huge debt that Germany had amassed in financing its war effort, the hyperinflation of 1923 was triggered by the French-Belgian military occupation Inflation rate in Germany was 7. But we also see price increases for many other goods, especially food Australia Historical Inflation Rates. 5%). 2% (compared to 2. Germany gdp growth rate for 2020 was -3. 22% decline from 2020. Published by. 40%, a 2. 20%, a 6. Home » Germany: Latest News, Market Trends & Economic Insights » Germany inflation cpi. Inflation Rate in Denmark averaged 2. Walter Levy is a German-born oil consultant. To calculate cumulative rates between two different periods, you can use the France Inflation Calculator. Germany gdp growth rate for 2019 was 1. 26 percent from 1958 until 2024, reaching an all time high of 18. hyperinflation in the Weimar Republic, economic disaster in the Weimar Republic in 1922–23 that impoverished millions of German citizens and paved the way for the rise of the Nazi Party. Historical inflation rates for . Quote - Chart - Historical Data - News. 35 percent in January of 1999. Food prices continued to show above-average growth, posting a 7 The Consumer Price Index in Germany increased 0. This page provides - Luxembourg Inflation Rate - actual values, historical data, forecast, chart, statistics, economic calendar and news. . 4% increase in October 2022. In February 2022, it had been +5. It is 21. May 14, 2024 · Current Germany inflation rate. He Inflation Rate in Canada averaged 3. 63%. The US Inflation Calculator uses the latest US government CPI data published on June 12 to adjust and calculate for inflation through May (See recent inflation rates . Inflation Rate from 1913 to the present. The inflation rate jumped to 2. “The rate of inflation therefore increased slightly again after slowing for three months in a row,” says Ruth Brand, President of the Federal Statistical Office. In October 2021, it had been +4. Sep 20, 2013, 7:29 AM PDT. 50 percent in April from 2. Inflation, consumer prices (annual %) - Germany. 4% in June 2023. 6% year-on-year from 5. The cycle corresponds to the highs and lows of a nation's gross Sep 20, 2010 · Monday, September 20, 2010. The next inflation update is scheduled for release on July 11 at 8:30 a. Hyperinflation is very high inflation. This page provides the latest reported value for - Japan Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term prediction, economic calendar, survey consensus and news. 57% increase from 2021. This shows a slowdown in the rate of inflation compared to 2021 and 2022 Nov 30, 2023 · In depth view into Germany Inflation Rate: Services including historical data from 1997 to 2024, charts and stats. Australia +3. 32% decline from 2018. The primary cause of hyperinflation in Germany was the government's decision to print money to pay for war reparations; this led to inflation. Consumer prices rose 2. 15 percent from 1991 until 2024, reaching an all time high of 316. Feb 29, 2024 · German inflation slowed in February, feeding expectations that the European Central Bank will start lowering interest rates around mid-year. “At 10%, the inflation rate has reached an all-time high since German reunification,” says Dr. 30 percent in September of 1995 and a record low of -1. The 20,000,000, 50,000,000, 1,000,000,000, and 5,000,000,000 mark bills were some of Apr 12, 2022 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +7. Similarly high inflation rates in the former territory of the Federal Republic were last recorded in autumn 1981 when mineral oil prices had Sep 28, 2023 · Germany's core inflation rate, which excludes volatile items such as food and energy, fell to 4. 80 percent in May. May 14, 2024 · German inflation inched up in April to 2. This page provides the latest reported value for - France Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term 2 days ago · Historical Consumer Price Index (CPI) from 1991 to 2024 for Germany. This was the highest figure since 1992. These inflation rates are calculated using the Consumer Price Index, which is published monthly by the Bureau of Labor Statistics ( BLS) of the U. Annual and monthly inflation rates in Germany from 1956. 89% increase from 2019. This page provides the latest reported value for - Ukraine Inflation Rate - plus previous releases, historical high and low, short-term forecast and long-term . 23%, which is calculated based on CPI (Consumer Price Index) values for the last 12 months ending in April 2024. Data on Germany's inflation rate history from the country’s Federal Statistical Office (Das Statistische Bundesamt) shows the country had a low inflation rate from 2018 to 2020 before picking up in 2021. Two measures of the relief package Jun 14, 2022 · The inflation rate in Germany, measured as the year-on-year change in the consumer price index (CPI), stood at +7. Harmonised Inflation Rate YoY in Germany increased to 2. Germany inflation cpi: 2. A higher inflation rate was last measured in December 1993 (+4. 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020. United Kingdom Historical Inflation Rates. Jan 6, 2022 · It is the highest inflation rate since 1993. 10. 4% per year. Mar 31, 2023 · The U. 70%, a 1. In January, based on preliminary figures, consumer prices in Germany increased by 2. Labor Department data published on June 12, 2024. Inflation Rate in Luxembourg averaged 2. Inflation Rates from 1929 to 2024. Updated: June 12, 2024. Rising energy costs and supply bottlenecks largely drove the surge in the cost of living. 2% in November 2021. 1949 1954 1959 1964 1969 1974 1979 1984 1989 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 28% 21% 14% 7% 0% -7%. The current rate meets the European Central Bank’s target rate 2 days ago · Money in Germany has lost 83% of its value since 1956. 16%, a 6. 81% increase from 2021. gu xg ug wf ik zi uc jo xr hu