Psychiatry is a sham

Psychiatry is a sham

Psychiatry is a sham. Aug 15, 2015 · 1 Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. However, DMPFC stimulation using a double-cone coil has demonstrated inconsistent results for antidepressant efficacy. Opinion: Psychiatry is a scam and most psychiatrist are aware of it. A future Randomized clinical trial requires a larger sample size with stratification of cognitive and executive variables and refinement in the targe … 6 Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. May 27, 2008 · It is all a scam, people who have the money or have insurance just go to their shrink to let them listen to them babble about what is wrong with them. Why is psychiatry so controversial? Why do some critics say psychiatry creates unhappiness, rather than curing it? And why is that a dean of the Royal College of Psychiatrists admits, “Lots of other doctors don’t think we’re ‘real doctors’”? [1] . 001). Main outcome measure: In the intention-to-treat sample (n = 190), remission rates were compared for the 2 treatment arms using logistic regression and controlling for site, treatment resistance, age Subjects were randomized to rTMS or sham treatment (5 days/week) for four weeks. 1% and 0%, respectively) group, with a number-needed-to-treat of 3 and 5, respectively. 3 Butler Hospital, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Oct 30, 2009 · Current meta-analysis revealed small, but significant effects of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) on negative symptoms in patients with schizophrenia. Suicide in young people is a significant health concern, with numerous community- and school-based interventions promising to prevent suicide currently being applied across Canada. 5 [-4. Our findings failed to demonstrate a significant difference between the active and sham-control groups during the blinded phase of the study. 1001/jamapsychiatry. B. It is not and never was a science or a type of health care. They don’t think mental illness exists – it’s a myth to them and it’s believed psychiatrists are practicing out of unethical motives. I find myself thinking, "atrocity" is the right word. Electronic address: higginsw@163. The study group comprised 224 probandwise pairs (120 male and 104 female pairs), from which 28 probands (12. As a secondary objective, we aim to assess the safety, tolerability, and treatment response to open-label low-frequency right-sided (1 Hz) stimulation using an accelerated Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is a neuromodulation therapy that has been studied increasingly in recent years as a treatment for a variety of psychiatric disorders. , Marion Criaud , Ph. Therapy’s positive effects are impossible to deny- decades of research have proven it to be an effective treatment. To engage the targeted brain regions, participants will perform a social cognition training during the stimulation. Jan 25, 2024 · Study design and randomization. 21; p<0. 4 Department of Psychiatry, Sri Siddhartha Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Dec 1, 2022 · Double-Blind, Sham-Controlled Randomized Trial Testing the Efficacy of fMRI Neurofeedback on Clinical and Cognitive Measures in Children With ADHD Sheut-Ling Lam , Ph. Pillow shams are meant to cover a regular pillow with a removable, decorative case. The anti-psychiatry movement is a loose political and social movement which sprang up in the 1960s in the US and Europe and which has gone through a number of transformations along the way. Despite this, therapy is plagued with the same issues as the rest of healthcare, namely financial issues and exploitation. PSYCHIATRIC FASCISM. Our primary outcomes included self-reported cue-induced Apr 10, 2022 · A psychiatrist is a medical doctor who’s an expert in the field of psychiatry — the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. > The anti-psychiatry movement is a curious thing. Aug 1, 2017 · Introduction. Following detoxification and consent, the patients were allocated into either active or sham groups for rTMS protocol. Sham PC, Purcell S, Cherny SS, Abecasis GR (2002) Powerful regression-based quantitative-trait linkage analysis of general pedigrees. Then my mother sent them symptoms… Aug 1, 2017 · 1. There is an interesting article in last month’s issue of the British Journal of Psychiatry. We systematically reviewed the global literature on one Oct 13, 2020 · The use of a validated sham coil is a key strength as expectation of outcome is a major concern in intervention studies. 8 and 95% CI -0. 2755. Nov 10, 2023 · Sham Singh, Psychiatrist, Palo Alto, CA, 94306, (650) 684-5546, We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. Methods: We did a concurrent, triple-blind, randomised, controlled trial using authorised deception in adults with ADHD from one centre (University of Oct 31, 2018 · A sham, also called a pillow sham, stems from the term meaning “a thing that is not what it is purported to be. Sham Singh, Psychiatrist, Santa Clarita, CA, 91355, (661) 403-0736, We know asking for help is a challenging thing to do. But they disguise it by pretending to be "health care" workers. Objective: Biometrical model fitting was applied to clinical data from twins to investigate whether operationally defined schizophrenic, schizoaffective, and manic syndromes share genetic risk factors. Our sham coil also controlled for the look and sound of stimulation. This includes psychiatry. , 2005). A psychiatrist is a medical doctor (an M. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by I was referred into mental health by my school a around a couple of years ago because they suspected I had ADHD. 5%) were doubly ascertained after checking for independence of ascertainment. Crypto Jan 25, 2024 · Study design and randomization. Aug 2, 2023 · A Following screening, eligible participants underwent baseline assessments (t0) and were then randomized into one of two groups (tRNS + CT or sham + CT). Classified as an anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) alone is a chronic and debilitating illness with a 1-year prevalence of approximately 2% (Lieb et al. 6 Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. The idea that our emotional and mental distress is caused by biological defects/ deficits/ disease processes is deeply rooted in Western society- and by An 8-week, double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled cross-over study was conducted in nine subjects (66 ± 9 years) with apathy and MCI. The primary reported finding was a significant effect of rTMS on remission and response (RR 2. She is affiliated with Delta Memorial Hospital. hk. 2, 3. GameStop Moderna Pfizer Johnson & Johnson AstraZeneca Walgreens Best Buy Novavax SpaceX Tesla. Distress in social situations, causing impaired functioning in daily life. Dr. Psychiatrists say that mental illnesses result from a "chemical imbalance;" however, no known chemical imbalances have been found. Of course I agree. 8 The First Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150000, China. A 5-day randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and effect of cTBS on antipsychotic-induced weight gain Jun 21, 2019 · d study involving sixty inpatients of alcohol dependence syndrome in a tertiary care center. Future studies are needed to investigate factors such as clinical features or electrode placement that might improve efficacy. Shamim Malik, MD is a psychiatry specialist in Pine Bluff, AR. During rTMS a magnetic coil is placed near the scalp to alter the electrical activity of brain regions and associated circuits. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental Aug 1, 2017 · Introduction. The gist of the piece is that the current psychiatric May 5, 2023 · Twenty years ago, one would have been labeled as “anti-psychiatry” for acknowledging that: (1) psychiatry’s treatment outcomes are “abysmal” and “not getting any better”; (2) the Mar 7, 2022 · Therapy is a Scam! – The truth about mental health and big pharma. They're violent thugs, murderers, pill middlemen, etc. Electronic address: ddougherty@partners. Introduction. Photo by cottonbro from Pexels. D. May 12, 2022 · Psychiatric diagnoses and the DSM are a sham. She is currently licensed to practice medicine in Rhode Island. Subjects then crossed-over to receive the other treatment for 2 weeks. Subgroup analyses were conducted to assess the effects Jun 1, 2015 · Application of active 10-Hz rTMS to the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex was well tolerated but was not superior compared with sham rTMS in improving negative symptoms; this is in contrast to findings from three meta-analyses. pcsham@hku. 0 (0 ratings) Leave a review. This randomized clinical trial evaluates the safety and efficacy of at-home transcranial direct current stimulation in treating inattention in adults with attention Jul 22, 2023 · Treatment of adult attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS): study protocol for a parallel, randomized, double-blinded, sham-controlled, multicenter trial (Stim-ADHD) Aug 15, 2015 · This prospectively designed investigation was sponsored by Medtronic, Inc. She is accepting new patients and telehealth appointments. . Response and remission rates were significantly higher in the active (37. Jul 30, 2011 · A total of 384 min of rTMS was administered over 20 days using a double-masked, sham-controlled, parallel design. doi: 10. Involuntary commitment, which can be enforced legally through sections, is an important issue in the movement. Part I-- Mainstream mental health & neurodiversity discourse is whitewashed + How psychiatric diagnoses are unreliable & lack scientific validity. ) assigned a DSM-IV diagnosis. Previous studies provided some evidence for improvements in cognition and clinical symptoms in Jun 1, 2018 · The number of studies on the effect of tDCS on psychiatric disorders has increased in recent years. Before widespread application of any one of these, it is essential to determine its effectiveness and safety. Aug 15, 2015 · This is the first report of a randomized, double-blind sham-controlled study of DBS for TRD. 3; P = . Sham Singh, MD is a psychiatry specialist in Torrance, CA. Mental health work is sensationalized and romanticized in today’s media and entertainment. Jan 1, 2019 · Sham Treatment Is as Effective for Treatment-Resistant Depression as Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation JAMA Psychiatry . Michaels Hospital, Unity Health, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada; Centre for Mental Health and Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, M5T 0S8, Canada. Therapists are idolized as wise gurus. Introversion and shyness (personality Jan 8, 2024 · This study aims to compare the efficacy and tolerability of active versus sham iTBS using an accelerated regimen in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). , 2006; Ambrus et al. Sham stimulation was administered using the Magventure B-65 placebo system in which the sham side of the coil was placed over the pre-SMA (no magnetism delivered) and electricity was delivered to scalp stimulating electrodes in the same pulse sequence as active stimulation replicating stimulation sensation. com. [11][12][13][14][15] In the sham group, there was a significant decrease in the amplitude of Bilateral iTBS is feasible in LLD. American Journal of Human Genetics, 71, 238-253. 25 and 2. 2018. Sham Singh, Psychiatrist, Santa Clara, CA, 95054, (408) 329-6278, We know asking for help is not an easy thing to do. Primary outcome, apathy evaluation scale-clinician version (AES-C), and secondary outcome measures, modified-Mini Mental State Examination (3MS), instrumental activities of daily living (IADL), and clinical global impression (CGI), were assessed at baseline and Business, Economics, and Finance. Sham Singh, MD, is a Psychiatry specialist practicing in Torrance, CA with 5 years of experience. 7 points; SD=9. Randomized, sham-controlled studies that used rTMS to treat OCD were included. Psychiatrists are qualified to assess both the mental and physical aspects of Dec 12, 2014 · This is the first report of a randomized, double-blind sham-controlled study of DBS for TRD. Method: Seventy-seven monozygotic and 89 same-sex dizygotic twin pairs in which the proband met the Research Diagnostic Criteria (RDC Dr. Sham P, Bader JS, Craig I, O’Donovan M, Owen M (2002) DNA pooling: a tool for large-scale association studies. Sham Singh is a UCLA-trained psychiatrist who approaches mental health holistically. Mar 1, 2010 · Conclusions: This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. ". , Aug 4, 2021 · When the effect size is less than 0, the specified intervention is associated with a greater improvement in negative symptom severity compared with sham controls. Physical symptoms may include: blushing, excess sweating, trembling, palpitations, and nausea, stammering, along, rapid speech, panic attacks. Psychiatrists assess both the mental and physical aspects of psychological conditions. Elyssa Sham, MD is a psychiatrist in Providence, Rhode Island. Vida and colleagues have published an important meta-analysis on a critical topic in psychiatry: the efficacy of double-blind, sham-controlled rTMS in treatment-resistant depression (TRD) [1]. Toronto, Ontario. 19). Aug 30, 2021 · The intervention phase comprises 10 sessions of anodal or sham tDCS applied over the left prefrontal cortex within 2 consecutive weeks. by Don Weitz. As a secondary objective, we aim to assess the safety, tolerability, and treatment response to open-label low-frequency right-sided (1 Hz) stimulation using an accelerated Introduction: Devising sham treatment for repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) studies has been problematic. 3 Department of Psychiatry AFMC, Pune, Maharashtra, India. Apr 1, 2002 · Agreement between zygosity determination by genetic markers and by resemblance information was 95. 8 Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada; St. psychiatry is such a sham. 9%) were white. And while a sham isn’t designed to deceive anyone, it does have a disguising quality. The article, titled Psychiatry beyond the current paradigm, was authored by Pat Bracken, an Irish psychiatrist, and 28 other British and Irish psychiatrists. It is important to note that the study was insufficiently powered to detect true differences with only 30 subjects. 2 Department of Psychiatry and Psychology, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio. A total of 197 pairs (87. Psychiatry is a sham . a Indicates anodal; c, cathodal; dTMS, deep repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation; ehf, extreme high-definition; hd, high-definition; hf, high-frequency; iTBS, intermittent theta-burst stimulation; lf, low-frequency; OR, odds Jan 8, 2024 · This study aims to compare the efficacy and tolerability of active versus sham iTBS using an accelerated regimen in patients with treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Initially investigators used to tilt the coil 45 to 90 degrees from the scalp to produce a sham treatment, which enabled Mar 1, 2010 · Conclusions: This meta-analysis reports significantly higher concentrations of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-alpha and IL-6 in depressed subjects compared with control subjects. It appears that many millions of people have been violently murdered by psychiatrists in their prisons. Not all antipsychiatrists believe this. Fifty-four patients had a diagnosis of major depressive episode and 6 had a diagnosis of bipolar I disorder, depressive episode (1 in each active treatment group and 4 in the sham group; χ 2 = 3. There is a need for further controlled, multicenter trials to assess the clinical efficacy of rTMS on negative symptoms in schizophrenia in a larger sample of patients. For almost 150 years, psychiatry has been masquerading as a medical science and as a branch of medicine. 2%. Challenges to the legitimacy of the profession have forced it to examine itself, including the fundamental question of what constitutes a mental disorder. There was a significant reduction in Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS) scores in the active group compared with the sham group. Sep 12, 2020 · Left prefrontal transcranial magnetic stimulation for treatment-resistant depression in adolescents: a double-blind, randomized, sham-controlled trial However, the sham procedure in the current study followed the directions and recommendations of previous studies (Gandiga et al. By Jan Eastgate President, CCHR International March 8, 2021. Jul 22, 2022 · This study is a double-blind, randomized sham controlled clinical trial and was conducted at the Institute of Psychiatry Ain Shams University, between August 2019 and August 2021, on 60 children with ADHD with ages ranging from 6 to 12 years. Nov 10, 2023 · 6 The First Psychiatric Hospital of Harbin, Harbin 150000, China. It is all a scam, people need to come to terms The objective of this multicenter, randomized, sham-controlled, rater- and patient-blind clinical trial is to investigate the efficacy of 3-week 10-Hz high frequency rTMS add on to antipsychotic therapy, 15 sessions per 3 weeks, 1,000 stimuli per session, stimulation intensity 110% of the individual motor threshold) of the left dorsolateral The present trial examined the efficacy (compared with sham neurofeedback) and efficiency (compared with meta-cognitive therapy) of a standard EEG neurofeedback protocol in adults with ADHD. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental Aug 9, 2017 · The sham neurofeedback protocol was identical to the verum neurofeedback protocol except for the origin of the EEG signal displayed on the participants' screens. We conducted a randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of deep transcranial magnetic stimulation (dTMS) in office workers with treatment-resistant depression. 78 respectively) compared to sham rTMS. They can diagnose and treat these conditions. Anti-psychiatry considers psychiatry a coercive instrument of oppression due to an unequal power relationship between doctor, therapist, and patient or client, and a highly subjective diagnostic process. 8 Department of Psychiatry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. The treatment was generally well tolerated. Oct 4, 2017 · This study confirmed the safety and feasibility of subcallosal cingulate DBS as a treatment for treatment-resistant depression but did not show statistically significant antidepressant efficacy in a 6-month double-blind, sham-controlled trial. By Why might someone consider psychiatry a "sham"? Occasionally on television shows people mention psychiatry as a sham, or "bs". If you look at the history of psychiatry, you will see that it is built on very shaky ground. Now for the unpopular opinion - it’s all a dangerous scam. A 5-day randomized, sham-controlled, double-blind clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the feasibility and effect of cTBS on antipsychotic-induced weight gain Objectives: Major depression is a highly prevalent disorder that causes economic burden in office workers. Chemical imbalance theory is relatively new and was first promoted in the 1970's in an effort to re-medicalize psychiatry and to move towards a biological model of psychiatry rather than a Freudian one. Modern psychiatry is driven by unproved empirical assumptions, medical biases, and pseudo-scientific opinions. Before I get into the meat of things, I am not saying that psychiatry in itself is a scam. 1000 W Carson St Torrance, CA 90502. We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. , 2010). Other researchers have tilted the coil 90° for the sham-effect though this approach could still induce voltage to the brain . This provider currently accepts 25 insurance plans. Psychiatry* • Female • Age 74. Shamim Malik, MD. The objective of this multicenter, randomized, sham We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. Daily sessions of rTMS were administered over the left DLPFC at 120% of motor threshold at high-frequency (10 Hz) stimulation with 4 s train, inter-train interval of 26 s, and a total Abstract. 2. They spend a significant amount of time cultivating and selling confidence to remain credible. Effect sizes were calculated using Hedges’ g for pre- to post-treatment Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale scores. and represents a collaborative effort between the departments of Psychiatry and Neurosurgery at the Cleveland Clinic, University of Pittsburgh, University of Pennsylvania, Butler Hospital/Brown Medical School, and the Massachusetts General Hospital. His unique approach places an emphasis on It was a single-blind sham-controlled study aimed at assessing craving in patients of alcohol dependence using tDCS, admitted to the psychiatry in-patient facility of a tertiary care hospital over a period of 1 year (January 2020–December 2020). Practice. Jan 8, 2024 · Patients will receive five consecutive days (Monday to Friday) of active or sham iTBS, administered eight times daily at 1-hour intervals, with each session delivering 600 pulses of iTBS over 3 min and 9 s. Sham rTMS used a similar coil with a metal insert blocking the magnetic field and scalp electrodes that delivered matched somatosensory sensations. 3] is likely due to known high placebo response in double blinded trials for adolescents, rather than a low treatment response (the response rate in active was N= 20/48, 41. Daily sessions of rTMS were administered over the left DLPFC at 120% of motor threshold at high-frequency (10 Hz) stimulation with 4 s train, inter-train interval of 26 s, and a total Jun 8, 2022 · Methods: rTMS (15 Hz, 2 daily sessions for 5 days/week,for a total of 20 stimulation sessions) was delivered over the left DLPFC for two weeks of continuous treatment followed by 12 weeks of maintenance (1 day/week, twice a day), in a double-blind, randomized sham-controlled design. The Troubled History of Psychiatry. A close evaluation of the studies included in this meta The treating psychiatrist and a study psychiatrist (P. No study thus far has investigated the antidepressant and anti-anxiosomatic effects of prolonged intermittent theta-burst stimulation (piTBS) bilaterally over May 1, 2020 · Absence of significant difference between active vs sham, P=0. Psychiatry is the branch of medicine focused on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of mental, emotional and behavioral disorders. I know more and more people are beginning to realize how helpful it actually it is, but what might the reasons be for someone to doubt its effects? Jan 1, 2013 · Psychiatry – The Sham Science. 5% and 20. Globally, anxiety disorders are the most common psychiatric disorders, having a lifetime prevalence of 28% (Kessler et al. 0 (4 ratings) Leave a review. Sham treatments will be delivered using a shielded “sham coil” that reproduces auditory and tactile sensations of stimulation. Preliminary results are unsupportive of efficacy on depression, executive function or target engagement of the CCN. Dec 9, 2022 · The dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC) plays a pivotal role in depression and anxiosomatic symptom modulation. You're using a hasty-generalization fallacy. Active tDCS was significantly superior to sham at end point (mean difference, 4. r/socialanxiety. Subjects were randomized to rTMS or sham treatment (5 days/week) for 2 weeks following which they underwent a 4-week treatment-free period. The Psychiatric industry creates all these illnesses because they are very profitable, the drug industry takes in billions and billions of dollars. O. While both positive and negative results have been reported in individual studies, this meta-analytic result strengthens evidence that depression is accompanied by Apr 27, 2023 · Subsequent industry-led efforts in larger-scale, multi-site randomized sham-controlled trials unfortunately were hampered due to early termination of the studies as a result of presumed treatment Oct 1, 2021 · A database search was performed to identify studies published in English up to October 2020. A reliable sham coil needs to produce cutaneous electric stimulation, and noise related to electrical discharge indistinguishable from the active coil. Jul 22, 2023 · Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation treatment used as an alternative or complementary treatment for various neuropsychiatric disorders, and could be an alternative or add-on therapy to psychostimulants in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). 7 Shanghai Med-X Engineering Research Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200030, China. The movement probably had its ideological roots in the widespread dissatisfaction that was taking place on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1960s on the Arch Gen Psychiatry 60: 497-502. Make an Appointment. We also know that finding a provider you trust to help you navigate mental Dr. ) who specializes in mental health, including substance use disorders. Apr 2, 2024 · Dr. 8%, respectively) versus the sham (4. Unlike a throw pillow, which is used exclusively for Psychiatry is a specialty of medicine that focuses on researching, understanding, diagnosing, and treating diseases of the brain and disorders of the mind and behavior. Triggered by perceived or actual scrutiny from others. Equal numbers of subjects in both the sham and active group reported skin tingling suggesting that the sham was effective at providing a somatic sensation. Jun 21, 2019 · d study involving sixty inpatients of alcohol dependence syndrome in a tertiary care center. 7%). New patients are welcome. Participants received 10 daily treatment Nov 10, 2020 · Recovering from depression with repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS): a systematic review and meta-analysis of preclinical studies 2 Department of Psychiatry, Command Hospital (EC), Kolkata, West Bengal, India. org. 2019 Jan 1;76(1):99. His unique approach places an emphasis on medication management and analyzing lifestyle modifications to achieve peak performance of the brain. Psychiatrists diagnose and . 7 Centre for PanorOmic Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China. F. ”. In the sham condition, participants were presented with a pre-recorded signal from an individual who participated in the verum neurofeedback group of the study. Classified as an anxiety disorder, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) alone is a chronic and debilitating illness with a 1-year prevalence of approximately 2% (Lieb et al. 5 Sri Aurobindo Medical College and PG Institute, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India. Feb 16, 2023 · Major depression was treated successfully with the Alpha-Stim Anxiety Insomnia and Depression (AID) device, but it was not more effective than sham treatment. Psychiatrists attend medical school and specialize in psychiatry and can practice psychotherapy and prescribe medication. Addressing "Why I’m Living Proof Anti-Psychiatry Is A Sham". Psychiatry has and will continue to help countless Nov 10, 2023 · Verified by Psychology Today License: California / A177716. or D. nl hc vx zn hg lb vt bz ai uq