What is the mass of a standard quail egg

Last UpdatedMarch 5, 2024

by

What is the mass of a standard quail egg. 005x and that o, -0. 02. Proper Lighting: Maintain a consistent lighting schedule to provide quail with approximately 14 to 16 hours of light per day. Feb 24, 2020 · Quail eggs are small, so three to four of them roughly equate to the serving size of one chicken egg. a) What mass of quail eggs would he need to weigh out to have the same number of eggs in both samples? (Show all work for your answer. They have brown speckled feathers, and their meat and eggs have been part of European cuisine for centuries. Quail egg is higher in Iron, Vitamin B2, Vitamin B12, Phosphorus, Vitamin B5, and Folate, however, Egg is richer in Copper, Choline, and Vitamin D. Button Quail. 01 g). There is a constant demand in the industry for quail eggs, meat, and feathers. 2. High nutritional density: Quail eggs contain a concentrated amount of essential nutrients such as vitamins A, B2, and D, as well as minerals like iron, zinc, and selenium. Bring about 1 quart of water to a hard boil in a small pot. The average life span of wild quails is two to three years, but many may live up to five to six years. Before setting your eggs, take a soft lead pencil and mark an X on one side of the egg and an O on the other. 1 inches to 1. While Quail egg contains 3. For a soft-boiled quail egg with a slightly runny yolk, boil for two minutes. Mar 25, 2024 · From vibrant blues to speckled wonders, quail eggs come in a dazzling array of hues and designs that are sure to delight both the eye and the palate. Button quail eggs will need to be turned a minimum of three times a day to ensure proper embryonic development. A farmer weighs out 32. 5 inches in length, while chicken eggs can reach up to 2. Due to the size difference, it may take up to 4 quail eggs to equal the volume of 1 chicken egg. ) You are going to need at least 3 standard quail eggs (and sometimes 4) to equal one USDA Large egg. However, chicken eggs have more choline. While waiting for the water to boil, crack the quail eggs and put them into small bowls or ramekins separately. Bring the water to boil. Mar 20, 2015 · Never boil another quail egg. Number of Eggs in a Year. 44g b. they count in dozens of eggs in some cases, while in other cases they use mass. What is the mass of a standard chicken egg? b. A quail is a small bird in the pheasant family, that measures less than nine inches long and nests on the ground. Save time, space, and food costs with sex-linked quail chicks. A paper suggests that the simple linear regression model is reasonable for describing the relationship between y = eggshell thickness (in micrometers, pm) and x = egg length (mm) for quail eggs. Place them in an ice bath for at least 20 minutes. 65mg of Iron, Egg contains only 1. That's 12 percent of a man's daily Mar 19, 2023 · Priced at $18 for a 50 pound bag (which is a pretty standard price) your quail are eating through about $1 a day in feed. 42%) are higher than the previous reports in different strains of white leghorns [ 1 ]. Using these same eggs, the yolk weighed . And then there are bantam quail eggs Quail eggs are not graded by size because, unlike their larger counterparts, chicken eggs, they don’t differ substantially in size. Over six large-scale and hundred small-scale farmers are currently producing various quail breeds for commercial purposes The ideal boiling time for quail eggs varies depending on the desired level of doneness. Reduce all ratios to the lowest whole numbers possible. It is ideal to use an incubator designed specifically for hatching small eggs like those from Coturnix quail; however, standard poultry incubators with some modifications could work just as effectively – just ensure the temperature remains within 99. For a slightly firmer yolk, boil for three minutes. Available April, 2024. The eggs are colored by natural dyes called biliverdin and biliverdin chelate with zinc. Boosted immunity: The presence of vitamin A in quail eggs helps strengthen the immune system, promoting overall health and well-being. 14 calories; 1 gram protein; 1 gram fat; 6% of Statistics and Probability questions and answers. Calories: 78. Jan 27, 2022 · 2. Additionally, hens that are fed a diet rich in protein tend to lay eggs with a higher mass. Dec 12, 2023 · Quail eggs: $3 to $6 per dozen on the low end. Look for a model with an air circulating fan and a digital thermometer. Dec 9, 2021 · Commercial quail (Coturnix coturnix) farming has recently gained recognition from the South African poultry industry as a potential source of protein, which can be used to alleviate protein-energy malnutrition as well as food and nutrition insecurity in rural South Africa. Chicken Quail Ratio of numbers of eggs. The meat and eggs are very nutritious and considered delicacies. A dozen quail eggs will sell in a specialty market for upwards of $10. Fat: 5g. Let The New Quails Settle in for 2 to 6 Weeks. Number of eggs in the sample. Avoid eggs that have cracks or other damage. Estimated shell weight (6 g) and shell ratio (10. On average, a quail lives for just two or three years, significantly less than your average cat or dog…or chicken, for that matter. Whilst the water is boiling, get another small pot and turn on the cold water tap, allowing the water to gush into the pot, till it’s filled to the top. Mass of the sample. Guarantee that your day-old chicks will grow up to be hens that will provide you with delicious, fresh eggs. Due to the large egg size, goose egg also had the heaviest yolk, albumen and eggshell. 05 ounces (30 grams). Goose had the heaviest egg weight (139. The eggs should be placed with the small end facing downwards and the big end sticking up, elevated. 4. Imagine you have two baskets—one filled with quail eggs and one filled with the same Feb 14, 2024 · Quail are small birds that require little space. Commercially grown quail and quail eggs were not Quail hens who normally lay bluey-green or green eggs can lay olive toned eggs if the egg is retained for too long. 34 g 1 : 1 16 : 1 10 10 438 438 1 mass of quail eggs would he need to weigh out to have the same number of eggs in both samples? 5. Healthy, fertile eggs are essential for a successful hatch. Sodium: 62mg. Quail are relatively small birds, but they are well-proportioned, with a stout body and round head. Remove the boiled eggs from the hot water and immediately place Jun 12, 2022 · Place bowl in fridge. Use a frying basket to gently place the quail eggs in the boiling water. Relative Mass and the Mole1 And what is the total volume of an egg. This simulates longer daylight hours, signaling to the quail that it’s the optimal time for egg-laying. With the size of a quail egg relative to a chicken’s or duck’s in consideration, it is easy to organize a nutritional chart showing the most significant nutrients each cooked egg offers per serving. 44g. Apr 4, 2021 · So you want to hatch quail eggs. 80-100 eggs. It takes 3 or 4 standard (non-jumbo) quail eggs to equal one chicken egg. Sep 23, 2016 · To find the mass of quail eggs that the farmer would need to weigh out in order to have the same number of eggs as 32. Cook for 3 minutes. Remove the eggs from heat. pdf from CHEMISTRY 2 at San Diego City College. What is the mass of a standard chicken egg? 37. Use a calculator to complete the table in Model 1. Once soaking period is over, rinse the eggs. 280-300 eggs. It can be concluded that the weight and hatchability of quail eggs are influenced by egg weight and large surface area, but not by egg index and narrow and medium surface area. 5 quail eggs. The male celadon quail also has a black band around its neck. 34 g 1 : 1 16 : 1 10 10 438 438 1 In terms of size, quail eggs are much smaller than chicken eggs. 1 Choose Healthy Breeding Stock: Ensure that the quail you intend to breed are healthy and well-cared for. Quail eggs also contain 1 milligram of iron in every three-egg serving. 0 kg of chicken eggs. Apr 17, 2024 · Note: 100 grams of quail eggs is equivalent to approximately eleven standard 9-gram quail eggs . First, we need to convert 32. Daily values have been calculated from the USDA data and the FDA’s published daily values ( 2 , 4 ). It may "crack you up" to realize that 1 egg yolk measures 1 to 1. 75 ounces. You probably can’t even tell the difference in flavors. 19mg. They are synthesized in the shell gland of the oviduct and then deposited on the eggshell Mar 31, 2020 · Put the incubator in your chosen location and plug in the power cord and automatic turner. However, wild quail rarely live this long Quail eggs are a kind of eggs as food, eaten and considered a delicacy in many parts of the world, including Asia, Europe, and North America. 0 pounds of chicken eggs, we need to convert the weight from pounds to kilograms. The most common type of quail egg is the Coturnix quail egg, which is about 1. 5 C) with sufficient humidity levels for successful hatching. 5 inches in size. Bring the water to a boil over medium-high heat. The albumen makes up around 60 per cent of the mass of a quail egg. 1 million 1 million. mass of standard quail egg is 2. The egg shell is 8 to 9 percent of the weight of the egg. Weighing is often easier than counting! Model 1 – Eggs Chicken Quail Ratio of numbers of eggs Ratio of masses of eggs Number of eggs in the sample Mass of the sample Number of eggs in the sample Mass of the sample 1 37. The size difference is immediately evident, and it affects various Oct 21, 2023 · Cook for two minutes for soft-boiled eggs, three minutes for medium-boiled eggs, and three ½ minutes for hard-boiled quail eggs. 81 cm) wide. 00-$5. 81 cm) long and 1 inch (2. However, quail eggs have the same or similar health benefits that chicken eggs have, but you And what is the total volume of an egg. , 2004: Determining Some Exterior and Interior Qual ity Traits of Quail Eggs and Phenotypic a normal (standard) egg (SI=72-76) or a (P ≤ 0. But if you have 100 hens, they’ll probably be laying around 80 to 100 eggs per day. regular quail: egg size. Quail start laying eggs at 6 weeks old and are very productive egg layers. Feb 19, 2024 · Turning eggs by hand takes a long time, especially if you are handling dozens of eggs, up to five times per day. In Japanese cuisine, they are sometimes used raw or cooked as tamago in sushi and often found in bento lunches. 0 pounds of chicken eggs (rather than kilograms), what mass of quail Standard Quail: The Cons. They mature faster than other poultry breeds. This is not a genetic trait that can be bred for, it is simply something that happens on occasion to quail hens and the egg looks a bit different that day. 33 mm has been estimated to be necessary for the eggs to have at least a 50% chance to withstand normal handling condition without breakage . 6 ounce (18 grams) and egg white was 1. let x be the mass of the quail eggs he needed Sep 23, 2023 · There are many types of quail eggs, and each type has a different size. Given, farmer weighs out 32 Kg of chicken eggs. 165 +0. By following these steps, you’ll achieve Sep 16, 2022 · Quail eggs, thanks to their protein content, can help prevent changes in lean mass. The nutritional value between chicken and quail eggs stays about the same, depending on how they are raised. If the farmer had 3 clucksters of chicken eggs and 3 clucksters of quail eggs, what could Model 1 – Eggs. The mass of an egg can vary depending on several factors, including the age of the hen, the diet of the hen, and the size of the egg. A farmer makes up a new counting unit called a “cluckster. Choose jumbos for meat because they grow faster and they are larger in size when fully grown (10+ oz instead of 8-10oz of regular quail). They produce such large numbers of eggs that they can’t count them all individually, so they count in dozens of eggs in some cases, while in other cases they use mass. You’ll notice all the spots have floated to the top of the vinegar and your eggs are now white. 005. Model 1 – Eggs. May 14, 2022 · Quail Size. The feed cost of each egg is approximately $. ) Ans: _____ b) If a farmer had weighed out 32. a. 37 g), and quail egg was the smallest (11. Feb 2, 2016 · A KTAN, S. Jun 21, 2022 · Quail eggs are one-third the size of a chicken egg, and one chicken egg has the same weight as 5. US cup of quail eggs = 243 grams = 8. Jumbo eggs are about the size of a bantam chicken egg. Overall, quail eggs and chicken eggs are both healthy. The eggs are small but highly nutritious, and the eggs have more yolk than white, compared to standard chicken eggs. If your family uses a dozen chicken eggs per week which you want to replace with quail eggs, you will need 6 or 7 hens. It might take the quails two to six weeks to settle in and start laying eggs, but others may start earlier than that timespan. Simply use a vegetable steamer in a pot with about an inch of water and a tight fitting lid. Jul 7, 2023 · Jumbo Vs. 1. Quail are small game birds that are found in a variety of habitats around the world. 25 to $0. What is the mass of a standard quail egg?c. 14 calories; 1 gram protein; 1 gram fat; 6% of Sep 29, 2023 · Here is a summary of the quail breeds for eggs and how many they can produce in a year: Type of Quail. (All of the incubators I am listing here have automatic turners, this is not a coincidence). Steam them. Quail eggs: $6 to $12 per dozen on the high end. Feb 21, 2024 · The first and crucial step in quail egg incubation is selecting the right eggs. Make sure you get the automatic egg turners and save yourself your sanity of having to hand-turn the eggs 3+ times per day, every day, for 2 weeks. comIn this video, we will talk about the differences in raising both types of coturnix. Standard quail chicks only. Allow eggs to soak in vinegar for at least 8 hours, or overnight. Quail eggs contain 13% protein, while chicken eggs contain only 11%. Leave the pot in the sink. Healthy parent birds are more likely to produce Jan 12, 2021 · Their eggs may be small in size but nutritionally quail eggs are about the same as a chickens’ egg. Here in the US a dozen quail eggs Oct 12, 2023 · 1. According to White, "There are two main classes of quail eggs that you can typically find for eating. They attain market weight (200-250g) very rapidly in just 5-6 weeks. How to Weigh an Egg May 16, 2024 · Eggs come in different sizes, and according to USDA are sized based on their weight per dozen. 5 inches (3. 5 degrees Celsius). (Affiliate link. If you really only use 4 eggs per week for baking, 3 hens will lay enough to meet your Sep 6, 2023 · Raising quail can be a profitable venture for a small home business. When selecting quail eggs, look for those that are uniform in size and shape. They can be difficult to find in grocery stores, but they are worth seeking out. Apr 25, 2023 · One of the primary uses for Coturnix quail is egg production. Show mathematically how the 16:1 ratio of masses was calculated in the last column of Model 1. Place it on the burner and turn the heat to high. Oct 18, 2022 · The average quail egg weight is about 11g, which is about more than 5 times smaller than the eggs of other bird species. Standard quail eggs are small — about 8 grams. There are also jumbo quail eggs, which are about 2 inches (5. Jul 21, 2022 · Boil the eggs. Quail egg (left) as compared to a chicken egg (upper right) and a duck egg (lower right Nov 4, 2022 · Quail eggs are not significantly better for you than chicken eggs, but they have some health benefits that standard eggs do not. Table spoon of quail egg = 15 grams = 1/2 oz. Lower the quail eggs into the Mar 28, 2019 · Order now at: www. The average sized egg (medium) is 49. Coturnix Quail. Which basket is heavier? Explain/support your answer: The chicken egg would be heavier because each one individually weighs 37 grams while quail Nov 4, 2020 · While the large surface area affects the weight and hatchability (P<0. Jul 7, 2023 · Jumbo quail lay slightly larger eggs (12-14g instead of 10-11), but they lay fewer in a year than regular quail (approximately 10% less). 25 tablespoon and the white is 2 tablespoons. Feb 11, 2023 · Setting Button Quail eggs. Traveling and being introduced to a new flock or surrounding can be stressful for quails. What is the mass of a standard quail egg? c. Here’s how to choose the best quail eggs: 1. Daily need coverage for Copper from Egg is 215% higher. This model holds up to 41 chicken eggs or up to 120 quail eggs if you get the quail egg turners. Place the pot or pan on a stovetop and heat on high, bringing the water to a rolling boil. Metric cup of quail eggs = 257 grams = 9. Once boiling, add the quail eggs. Jan 4, 2021 · Celadon Quail Hatching Egg Reviews. Ratio of masses of eggs. Feb 19, 2024 · To maximize egg production, consider the following tips: 1. After that, rinse your eggs well in cold water and let them sit in the water for a few minutes. Unless referencing a specific country or a specific type of egg, the eggs mentioned in this article will be chicken eggs. Keeping Eggs: Place your chosen fertile eggs inside the incubator. One quail egg (9 grams) contains ():Calories: 14 Protein: 1 gram Fat: 1 gram Carbs: 0 grams Quail egg grams in a measuring cup amount (US measuring cup and Metric si cup) and spoons. 2. The male also has a black tail with white stripes, while the female has a brown tail. 34 g 1 : 1 16 : 1 10 10 438 438 1 Sep 23, 2023 · There are many types of quail eggs, and each type has a different size. Five quail eggs typically equal the weight of one chicken egg, a quail egg contains 14 calories, compared to 78 for a chicken egg, and they are higher in protein. 438 438. Blue Quail Eggs: Let’s start our journey with one of the most mesmerizing varieties of quail eggs – the blue Mar 8, 2022 · Here are the steps to hard-boiled quail eggs. 1 oz net wt. 10 10. 54 cm) wide. Sabat adds, “Quail eggs would not stand out as a particular food for weight loss. Apr 7, 2015 · An egg shell thickness of at least 0. Bobwhite Quail. Mass of the sample 1 37 g 1 2 g 1 : 1 16 : 1. 44 g 1 2. Jun 21, 2023 · The celadon quail is a small, secretive bird that is found in the forest of Southeast Asia. A single quail egg serves up:. 1 dozen 1 dozen. Apr 21, 2024 · When substituting quail eggs for chicken eggs in a recipe, it's important to note what size you have. Small Eggs: Standard Quail eggs weigh 9 to 10 grams and are about the size of a Spanish olive. ” A cluckster is the name of a number, like a dozen, only much larger. Around 100-200 quail can be raised in a 1 sq meter cage. Quail eggs are a popular delicacy in many parts of the world, known for their unique taste and nutritional benefits. Apr 15, 2023 · Preheat oven to 350℉. 6 grams or 1. Don’t buy an incubator for chickens: the rails of a standard chicken incubator will be too large to hold dainty quail eggs. 5 deg F (37. None is far superior to the other nutrient-wise. 3. Start your timer! Let the eggs boil for two minutes (soft-boiled), three minutes (medium-boiled) or three and a half minutes (hard-boiled). Show mathematically how the 16: 1 ratio of masses was calculated in the last column of Model 1 . Quail eggs are small, delicate eggs with a rich flavor. Quail can live for up to six years if they are kept as pets. Their high biological value proteins, with all the essential amino acids, score well in terms of digestibility. SONG: Apr 16, 2024 · A large egg contains 78 calories, 5g of fat, less than 1g carbohydrate, 6g of protein, and 147mg of choline, which supports memory and mood. mass of standard chicken egg is 37. Quail eggs usually measure around 1. The primary purpose of a quail cage is to ensure the welfare of the birds by providing them with adequate space, protection View Delfina Perez- 405 relative mass and the Mole. Cases of 100 pastured quail eggs generally cost $60 to $120 in total. The eggs are now soft and rubbery feeling, and ready to be peeled. The proper humidity level for quail is 45 percent during the first 14 days (you may need to add a little water to the incubator to achieve this), and the temperature should be at 99. 00 . It could be a great option for individuals who want to add nutrients found in higher amounts in quail eggs to their diet. Aug 26, 2023 · The Quail cage, also known as quail enclosure or aviaries, is a specially designed structure that provides a controlled environment for housing quail. For every 1 chicken egg you use per day, plan on keeping 4 hens. This reduces your production time, translating into better cash flow. Sep 15, 2023 · Put water in a frying pan that is around 5 cm or 2 inches deep. Be very very gentle when marking the eggs We do this because it helps to properly turn the eggs. Quail egg contains 3 times more Iron than Egg. And for a fully cooked, hard-boiled quail egg, boil for three and a half minutes. Jumbo quail eggs are larger — about 15 grams. As you can see, quail eggs retail for 300-700% over chicken eggs at just $0. So, grab a seat and let’s crack open the shell on this eggcellent adventure! 1. Quail mature at about 7 weeks and lay eggs sooner than most other poultry. The male bird is easily distinguished from the female by its blue-grey plumage. What is the mass of one quail egg? 2g Mass of the eggs 2g 20 g 8760 g 24 2,000,000 g 3. 34g. Commercially grown quail and quail eggs were not On average, a quail lives for just two or three years, significantly less than your average cat or dog…or chicken, for that matter. Grease 4 ramekins really well. Consider the data in Model 1. You cannot crack them on the edge of a bowl like chicken eggs, you must use quail egg scissors. Bake the hash brown nests for about 30 minutes or until crisp and brown. 5 inches. Fill a small pot with boiling water, or regular tap water and bring it to a boil. When comparing the size of quail eggs and chicken eggs side by side, you’ll notice that quail eggs are significantly smaller than their chicken counterparts. The answer is the unit called the mole. Imagine you have two baskets—one filled with quail eggs and one filled with the same number of chicken eggs. 5 degrees Fahrenheit (37. They also have almost 3 times more vitamin B1 and double the vitamin B2 and vitamin A as chicken eggs , . Imagine you have two baskets-one filled with quail 1. We can then use the conversion factor to convert the mass from kilograms to quail eggs. Jan 6, 2022 · Quail eggs taste very similar to chicken eggs. This makes the whole shelled egg measure about 3 tablespoons. A Life Of Heritage suggests that farmers start the price for quail eggs at $4. Standard quail eggs are about 1. Quail eggs are tiny, about a fourth the size of a chicken egg, and are considered a delicacy in many countries. Be careful in cracking or opening these quail egg shells to avoid breaking the yolk. These birds are efficient layers and can lay up to 300 eggs per year. Celadon colored eggs are laid by Coturnix quail that carry the recessive CE celadon gene which produces blue-toned speckled eggs. Ratio of mass of eggs 16:1. This option is not available for celadon quail chicks. Mar 7, 2024 · Quail eggs are three to four times more nutritious than chicken eggs. Just add them to a bowl of warm water for a few minutes before boiling. Oct 1, 2019 · Means and standard deviation of egg quality traits were presented in Table 1. 05), while the narrow and medium surface area does not affect the weight and hatchability (P>0. Add a splash of vinegar and a pinch of kosher salt. Since quail eggs are rarely pasteurized women who are pregnant and people with a lowered immunity status should be cautious about eating them. Jul 27, 2017 · A serving of three quail eggs supplies almost 9 micrograms of selenium, or almost 16 percent of the RDA. 05). Since they are smaller, however, you usually need two quail eggs to make up for a chicken egg when baking or cooking. Suppose that the population regression line is y = 0. 6 ounces net weight = 27 quail eggs. Chicken and turkey eggs contain a lower percentage of albumen (56%), and duck even lower (53%) and the yolk accounts for over one-third of the weight in quail Aug 28, 2022 · Quail eggs have more protein and fat content by weight, more antioxidants, vitamin A, vitamin B12, iron, folate, riboflavin, selenium, and phosphorus than chicken eggs. You’ll need three or four of these 9-gram bebes to equal the serving size of a chicken egg. Quail eggs remain an expensive item in most parts of the world. These cages offer a safe and secure space for quail to live and thrive. However, when it comes to volume and weight, the conversion is not quite as straightforward. Oct 21, 2023 · The Variable Mass of Eggs. 35 each. Reduce all ratios to the lowest whole numbers possible. Compared to a chicken egg, they are about 1/3 of the size. Apr 9, 2021 · Place a suitable size saucepan or pot and fill it with cold water, as much needed to cover the eggs entirely. However, wild quail rarely live this long Sep 14, 2022 · In this problem we have to find out mass of quail eggs by taking reference to chicken eggs, so this could be example of relative mass theory. In a bowl, mix shredded potatoes, egg, Parmesan cheese, salt and pepper. Because Coturnix quail do not require a large amount of space, they are an ideal choice for those May 7, 2024 · Follow the steps below for incubating quail eggs. 05) in egg production, egg mass, and Nov 7, 2023 · Size Comparison. It's a great hobby! But first, you should learn how to incubate Bobwhite quail eggs properly. As one would expect, a smaller bird lays small eggs! My regular quail lay 10-12 gram eggs, and my jumbo quail lay 12-15 gram eggs. myshirefarm. Nov 20, 2020 · Quail eggs are tiny. 0 pounds to kilograms. While they come in a range of sizes, the average quail is between 10 and 12 inches long, with a wingspan of 16 to 20 inches. The following nutrition information is provided by the USDA for one large hard-boiled hen's egg (50g). A diet high in selenium-rich foods like quail eggs might lower your risk of heart disease and cancer and may boost your immune system. Teaspoon of quail egg = 5 grams = 1/5 oz weight. This activity will start by considering two egg farmers (a chicken farmer and a quail farmer). Be careful while doing this. A moment before it starts to reach boiling point, drop the quail eggs in the pan. So, what does quail egg taste like? Let’s explore the flavor profile of this tiny yet flavorful egg. So, let them get used to the new environment first. I prefer jumbo quail because their eggs are easier to handle. In fact, it typically takes about 5 quail eggs to equal the size of 1 standard chicken egg. 08 cm) long and 1. Depending on the breed of quail, the eggs should take between 17 and 25 days to hatch. Generally, younger hens lay smaller eggs, while older hens lay larger eggs. Among standard cream-and-brown laying quail, the eggs simply get more brown. Turn the heat up to maximum and when the steam starts coming, set a timer for six minutes. Divide the mixture in 4 and fill each ramekin with the shredded potato mixture, and press down in the middle to form a nest. Divide the work among group members. md po gd tj hk ci fw gq hp gg